The Rhode Island Department of Corrections ("Department") appeals from a district court judgment declaring ultra vires and unconstitutional the Department's application of a Rhode Island statute which would impose a monthly offender fee upon the appellees, all of whom were sentenced to probationary terms under Department supervision for criminal offenses committed prior to the effective date of the statute as implemented by regulations promulgated by the Department. The district court held that the Department's interpretation of the statute exceeded its authority under the enabling statute and that the statute, as applied to appellees, violated the ex post facto clauses in the United States and Rhode Island Constitutions. We vacate the district court judgment and remand for the entry of summary judgment for appellants on the ultra vires and ex post facto claims, and for further proceedings on appellees' procedural due process claims.

* BACKGROUND

Rhode Island General Laws § 42-56-38, P.L.1992, ch. 133, art. 97, § 2, directs that "[e]ach sentenced offender committed to the care, custody, or control of the [Department] shall reimburse the state for the cost or the reasonable portion thereof incurred by the state relating to such commitment." (Emphasis added.) The offender fee statute itself expressly delegates to the Department the power to determine its effective date by declaring that its provisions "shall not be effective until the date rules and regulations implementing its provisions are filed with the office of the Secretary of State." Id.

The Department responded by promulgating, inter alia, Regulation 10.07.03, designating July 1, 1994 as the effective date of the "offender fee" program, following its filing of the implementing regulations with the Secretary of State on June 17, 1994. See also R.I. Gen. Laws § 42-56-10(v) (Powers of the director); R.I. Gen. Laws § 42-56-38 (Assessment of costs). The Regulation further provides for "offender fee" waivers based on inability to pay, see Regulation § 10.07.03(II)(E), and, in cases of nonpayment, authorizes notification of the appropriate criminal court at any parole or probation revocation hearing, id. § 10.07.03(II)(D), as well as civil actions to collect unpaid offender fees, id. Mere nonpayment does not constitute a parole or probation violation, however. Id. § 10.07.03(II)(D)(3). Nor are offenders in "banked" status (i.e., either residing outside Rhode Island or not on supervised status) liable for the fee, id. § 10.07.03(II)(C)(3).

Appellees, all convicted offenders sentenced to probation prior to July 1, 1994, each received advance written notice that the $15.00 offender fee would become effective July 1, 1994, and subsequently received monthly bills. Appellees thereafter commenced suit in federal district court claiming that the offender fee statute, as applied, violates the Ex Post Facto and Due Process clauses of the United States and Rhode Island Constitutions. In due course, the parties submitted cross-motions for summary judgment on a stipulated record and the district court ruled that (i) the Department had exceeded its authority under the enabling statute by interpreting the statute so as to render the offender fee retroactive as to appellees and (ii) the statute violated the Ex Post Facto Clause since it retroactively increased the "punishment" for their preenactment crimes. See Taylor v. State of Rhode Island Dept. of Corrections, 908 F. Supp. 92 (D.R.I.1995).

The district court concluded that the statutory interpretation adopted by the Department exceeded the scope of its delegated authority because it (i) results in an unauthorized "retroactive" application and (ii) would not be accorded deference by the Rhode Island Supreme Court. As the plain language of the statute demonstrates that the Department did not exceed its mandate, we demur.

Under Rhode Island law, it "is well established ... that statutes and their amendments are presumed to apply prospectively." Hydro-Manufacturing v. Kayser-Roth, 640 A.2d 950, 954 (R.I.1994). See also VanMarter v. Royal Indem. Co., 556 A.2d 41, 44 (R.I.1989); Lawrence v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 523 A.2d 864, 869 (R.I.1987). It is only in the event that "it appears by strong, clear language or necessary implication that the Legislature intended the statute or amendment to have a retroactive effect," id.; see also Pion v. Bess Eaton Donuts Flour Co., Inc., 637 A.2d 367, 371 (R.I.1994), that the new enactment "will be interpreted to operate retrospectively." Avanzo v. Rhode Island Dept. of Human Servs., 625 A.2d 208, 211 (R.I.1993).

The statute itself explicitly states that the offender fee "shall not be effective until the date the rules and regulations are filed." R.I. Gen. Laws § 42-56-38. Thus, its plain language requires no interpretation, see Whitehouse v. Rumford Liability & Ins. Co., 658 A.2d 506, 508 (R.I.1995), as it mandates prospective application. See, e.g., Hydro-Manufacturing, 640 A.2d at 955 (statute which states that it "shall take effect upon passage" evinces plain legislative intent that it be given only prospective application); Avanzo, 625 A.2d at 211 (holding that phrase "shall take effect" indicates legislative intent that statute be given prospective effect). As the Rhode Island Legislature explicitly delegated to the Department the responsibility for promulgating and filing the required implementing rules and regulations with the Secretary of State before the offender fee program could take effect, R.I. Gen. Laws § 42-56-38, and there is no claim that the Department failed to comply with the legislative mandate, its designation of a later (July 1, 1994) effective date could not render its interpretation either ultra vires or retroactive.2

The district court awarded appellees summary judgment on their claims that the offender fee statute violates the Ex Post Facto Clause under both the United States Constitution and the Rhode Island Constitution.3 As the Rhode Island Supreme Court has held that Federal Ex Post Facto Clause jurisprudence likewise guides the required analysis under the Rhode Island Constitution, Lerner v. Gill, 463 A.2d 1352, 1356 (R.I.1983), cert. denied, 472 U.S. 1010, 105 S. Ct. 2709, 86 L. Ed. 2d 724 (1985), these claims merge.

The Ex Post Facto Clause effectively prohibits laws " 'retroactively alter[ing] the definition of crimes or increas[ing] the punishment for criminal acts.' " California Dept. of Corrections v. Morales, 514 U.S. 499, ----, 115 S. Ct. 1597, 1601, 131 L. Ed. 2d 588 (1995) (quoting Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 43, 110 S. Ct. 2715, 2719, 111 L. Ed. 2d 30 (1990)). See also Hamm v. Latessa, 72 F.3d 947, 956 (1st Cir.1995), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S. Ct. 154, 136 L. Ed. 2d 99 (1996). Thus, ex post facto laws operate retroactively either to redefine a crime or increase its "punishment." Morales, 514 U.S. at ---- n. 3, 115 S. Ct. at 1602 n. 3. See also Dominique v. Weld, 73 F.3d 1156, 1162 (1st Cir.1996).

It would appear that the parties failed to call the district court's attention to significant precedents governing the pivotal determination whether civil fees constitute "punishment." See Taylor, 908 F. Supp. at 98. Although it involved a "double jeopardy" claim, United States v. Halper, 490 U.S. 435, 109 S. Ct. 1892, 104 L. Ed. 2d 487 (1989), applies as well in the ex post facto context. See Martel v. Fridovich, 14 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir.1993) (citing Halper for the view that a civil sanction is "punishment" only when it serves the aims of retribution or deterrence).4 As we explained recently, the Halper "punishment" test applies to "fines, forfeitures, and other monetary penalties designed to make the sovereign whole for harm or loss that is quantifiable in monetary terms." United States v. Stoller, 78 F.3d 710, 717 (1st Cir.), cert. dismissed, --- U.S. ----, 117 S. Ct. 378, 136 L. Ed. 2d 297 (1996). Since it is clear that the challenged offender fee fits the Stoller mold, the Halper "punishment" test applies. See also Artway v. Attorney General of State of New Jersey, 81 F.3d 1235, 1256 n. 18 (3d Cir.1996) (noting that Halper test applies because Ex Post Facto Clause serves aims similar to Double Jeopardy Clause); DiCola v. Food & Drug Admin., 77 F.3d 504, 506-07 (D.C.Cir.1996) (applying Halper test to both ex post facto and double jeopardy claims); Bae v. Shalala, 44 F.3d 489, 492-93 (7th Cir.1995) (employing Halper standard to determine whether civil sanction implicates ex post facto concerns).

Halper adapted the Supreme Court's longstanding subjective test for defining "punishment," see DeVeau v. Braisted, 363 U.S. 144, 160, 80 S. Ct. 1146, 1155, 4 L. Ed. 2d 1109 (1960) ("The question is ... whether the legislative aim was to punish that individual for past activity."), by coupling it with an objective standard. Accordingly, under the current regime governing civil provisions, we inquire not only whether the legislative intent was punitive in nature, but whether the challenged civil provision is "so extreme ... as to constitute punishment." Halper, 490 U.S. at 442, 109 S.Ct. at 1898.

For purposes of determining whether a law is penal in nature, "the labels 'criminal' and 'civil' are not of paramount importance." Id. at 447, 109 S.Ct. at 1901. Rather, the court must "assess[ ] ... the [sanction] imposed and the purposes [it] may fairly be said to serve. Simply put, a civil ... sanction constitutes punishment when the sanction as applied in the individual case serves the goals of punishment[,]" id. at 448, 109 S.Ct. at 1901-02; see Martel, 14 F.3d at 3; that is to say, retribution and deterrence. Halper, 490 U.S. at 448, 109 S.Ct. at 1901.

On its face, the offender fee statute, suitably located among other Rhode Island civil statutes, imposes a civil charge.5 The modest fee authorized by the statute comprises no part of any sentence imposed for the crimes committed by offenders. Rather, it is expressly designed to "reimburse" the Department for costs directly associated with providing goods and services required to supervise probationers and parolees living in the community. R.I. Gen. Laws § 42-56-38. Moreover, all offender fee revenues are dedicated to such use, Regulation 1.12.01(IV)(K), and waivers are available to offenders unable to pay, Regulation 10.07.03(II)(E). Finally, the same monthly fee is assessed against all offenders released into the community who are currently under Department supervision, without regard to the nature or severity of their respective offenses.6 In our judgment, so modest a cost-based supervisory fee reasonably cannot be deemed punitive in purpose, especially since any conceivable retributive or deterrent effect could only be inconsequential. See Martel, 14 F.3d at 3.

Finally, we inquire whether the fee nonetheless runs afoul of the objective test announced in Halper: a monetary assessment "that cannot be said solely to serve a remedial purpose, but rather can only be explained as also serving either retributive or deterrent purposes, is punishment as we have come to understand the term." Halper, 490 U.S. at 448, 109 S.Ct. at 1901. Under this standard, the offender fee must be deemed "punitive" if it "bears no rational relation to the goal of compensating the [State] for its loss." Id. at 449, 109 S.Ct. at 1902.7 To state the question in this case is to answer it.

The offender fee statute mandates that "[m]onies received under this section will accrue first to the department of corrections for use to offset costs of the specific care or service." R.I. Gen. Laws § 42-56-38. The implementing regulations in turn make clear that the offender fee was rationally designed to promote its legislative objective; viz., reimbursement of the Department for its costs in providing the required supervisory services to its probationers and parolees. Regulation 1.12.01(IV)(K). Furthermore, the implementing regulations explicitly state that the offender fees collected from probationers and parolees must be deposited in a restricted account, exclusively available for defraying Department costs in affording offenders the required community supervision.8 Thus, the legislative intent actuating the offender fee program is entirely remedial and its practical effect is neither retributive nor deterrent in nature. Under the Halper test, therefore, the offender fee is not punitive.9

For the foregoing reasons, the district court judgment is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings on appellees' procedural due process claims under state and federal law. The parties shall bear their own costs.

SO ORDERED.